The kinetics of the BOLD response depend on inter-stimulus time.

Re-imagining Research: A Bold Call, but Bold Enough?; Comment on “Experience of Health Leadership in Partnering with University-Based Researchers in Canada: A Call to ‘Re-Imagine’ Research”

Many articles over the last two decades have enumerated barriers to and facilitators for evidence use in health systems. Bowen et al’s article “Response to Experience of Health Leadership in Partnering with University-Based Researchers: A Call to ‘Re-imagine Research’” furthers the debate by focusing on an under-explored research area (health system design and health service organization) with ...

Tackling HIV in MENA: Talk Is Not Enough–It Is Time for Bold Actions: A Response to Recent Commentaries

The effect of hypernatraemia on ketamine anaesthesia in male rats

We studied the effects of a single ketamine injection in an experimental model of chronic hypernatraemia in rats. Three groups, each of 20 male Wistar rats were chosen for the experiment; the control group was given water and the test groups were given 1% (group 1) and 2% (group 2) NaCl solutions for two weeks. All groups were fed with the same diet, containing about 0.5% salt. Other living con...

FORMALIN AS A PERIPHERAL NOXIOUS STIMULUS CAUSES A BIPHASIC RESPONSE IN NUCLEUS PARAGIGANTOCELLULARIS NEURONS

The effects of formalin as a peripheral noxious stimulus on the activity of lateral paragigantocellularis nucleus (LPGi) neurons were examined. Spontaneous activity ofLPGi neurons was recorded after confirmation of their responsiveness to acute pain, and thereafter formalin (50 µL, 2.5%) was injected in the contralateral hindpaw. The response of the LPGi neurons was monitored for 60 min. A...

Inter-subject variability in hypercapnic normalization of the BOLD fMRI response

In the application of hypercapnic normalization to functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies, the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) response to a functional stimulus is typically divided by the BOLD response to a hypercapnic challenge. While some prior studies have shown that hypercapnic normalization can reduce inter-subject BOLD variability, other studies have found an incre...